Genetically-modified poultry egg

ABSTRACT

Provided are a poultry knock-in egg and knock-out egg. The present invention pertains to a knock-out poultry egg in which at least one oviduct-specific gene has been knocked out, said gene being selected from the group consisting of ovalbumin, ovomucoid, ovomucin, ovotransferrin, ovoinhibitor, and lysozyme, and at least one egg allergen protein has been reduced or eliminated, said protein being selected from the group consisting of ovalbumin, ovomucoid, ovomucin, ovotransferrin, ovoinhibitor, and lysozyme.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to an egg of knock-out poultry and anindividual derived therefrom, and an egg and a thick albumen of knock-inpoultry.

Further, the present invention relates to a method of preparing anexpression product of an exogenous gene.

BACKGROUND

It has been attempted to induce the expression of human interferon β inan egg using a promoter containing a 2.8 kbp upstream region of atranslation starting site of ovalbumin, or a promoter to which a furtherupstream estrogen-responsive enhancer element is attached to the 2.8 kbpregion (Non-Patent Literature 1). In this example, a gene transfectionis carried out using a lentiviral vector instead of using a knock-inmethod, so that a vector gene is inserted in a various location in thegenome, and several vector genes are inserted. Consistent with such agene transfection form, a concentration of human interferon β secretedin the egg significantly varies, and an average concentration in 6chickens is 3.5 to 426 μg/ml. Further, data show that the concentrationsignificantly varies among eggs derived from the same individual,indicating that the expression of interferon β is very unstable.Further, because the genes inserted in various locations of chromosomesare subjected to a gene silencing effect or the like, in generaloffspring (G2) of G1 chickens expressing interferon β at a relativelyhigh level tend to reduce the expression level of interferon β.

In Non-Patent Literature 2, transgenic chimeric chickens (G0) expressinga Fv-Fc protein in the whole body are created using an actin promotercausing an expression in the whole body and a retroviral vector. It wasconfirmed that some G0 chickens express the Fv-Fc protein at a highconcentration of 5 mg/ml. However, because the gene transfection isperformed by viral infection in a chicken embryo, the gene transfectionis achieved in a mosaic manner in which the presence/absence of geneinsertion, the copy number of insertion, and a location of insertiondiffer between cells in the same individual. As a result, the G0chimeric individual expressing the protein at a high concentrationproduces offsprings of transgenic individuals having the inserted genesvaried in numbers and positions, making it difficult to completelytransmit the character of the G0 chimeric individual to the offsprings.In fact, the expression level is reduced to 2 mg/ml or less in the G1generation and 0.8 mg/ml or less in the G1 generation. Further, in manycases, an exogenous gene is not introduced in germline cells of thechimeric chicken infected by viruses. Thus, although one or severalchickens that express the protein at a high level can be occasionallyobtained in the G0 generation, it is difficult to propagate individualshaving the same character and genetic information from such chickens.Such non-uniformity among G0 individuals or between G0 and G1generations causes a fatal disadvantage for building so-called an“animal factory” in which a large number of chickens expressing anexogenous protein are grown to obtain a large number of eggs for massproduction of the proteins.

Non-Patent Literature 4 shows an example in which an oviduct-specificgene, ovalbumin, is disrupted using a TALEN method. However, thisliterature only shows that a chick having a heterozygous deletion (+/−)in ovalbumin is obtained, and it is difficult to predict whether suchpoultry can produce an egg in the future, whether an egg having a null(−/−) genotype or an individual derived therefrom can be obtained,whether a homozygous knockout female (−/−) produces an egg, or whetheran individual can hatch from an egg lacking the ovalbumin protein.

CITATION LIST Non-Patent Literature

-   Non-Patent Literature 1: Lillico, S. G. et al. Oviduct-specific    expression of two therapeutic proteins in transgenic hens. Proc Natl    Acad Sci USA 104, 1771-1776 (2007)-   Non-Patent Literature 2: Kamihira et al. High-Level Expression of    Single-Chain Fv-Fc Fusion Protein in Serum and Egg White of    Genetically Manipulated Chickens by Using a Retroviral Vector.    Journal of Virology, p. 10864-10874 (2005)-   Non-Patent Literature 3: van de Lavoir M C, Diamond J H, Leighton P    A, Mather-Love C, Heyer B S, Bradshaw R, Kerchner A, Hooi L T,    Gessaro T M, Swanberg S E et al: Germline transmission of    genetically modified primordial germ cells. Nature 2006, 441(7094):    766-769-   Non-Patent Literature 4: Park, T. S., Lee, H. J., Kim, K. H.,    Kim, J. S. & Han, J. Y. Targeted gene knockout in chickens mediated    by TALENs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 111, 12716-12721 (2014)

SUMMARY Technical Problem

An object of the present invention is to provide a poultry egg in whichan expression level of a protein encoded by an oviduct-specific gene isreduced or eliminated.

Further, another object of the present invention is to provide a poultryegg in which an exogenous gene is stably expressed, and a gene productthereof is highly expressed.

Further, another object of the present invention is to provide atechnique for efficiently recovering an exogenous gene product, which isexpressed in a chicken egg using a knock-in technique.

Solution to Problem

The present invention provides the following knock-out poultry egg andknock-in poultry egg. Further, the present invention provides a methodof efficiently preparing an exogenous gene product from the knock-inpoultry egg.

The present invention, in one aspect, relates to: [1] a knock-outpoultry egg in which at least one oviduct-specific gene is knocked out,the gene being selected from the group consisting of ovalbumin,ovomucoid, ovomucin, ovotransferrin, ovoinhibitor, and lysozyme, and atleast one egg allergen protein is reduced or eliminated, the proteinbeing selected from the group consisting of ovalbumin, ovomucoid,ovomucin, ovotransferrin, ovoinhibitor, and lysozyme.

Further, in one embodiment of the present invention, [2] the knock-outpoultry egg according to the item [1] above is characterized in that abase sequence encoding the knocked-out oviduct-specific gene includesdeletion, substitution, or insertion of a base or bases in a region neara 5′ side or 3′ side of a PAM sequence.

Further, in one embodiment of the present invention, [3] the knock-outpoultry egg according to the item [1] or [2] above is characterized inthat the oviduct-specific gene is homozygously knocked-out and agenotype of the oviduct-specific gene is null (−/−).

Further, in one embodiment of the present invention, [4] the knock-outpoultry egg according to any of the items [1] to [3] above ischaracterized in that the oviduct-specific gene is ovalbumin.

Further, in one embodiment of the present invention, [5] the knock-outpoultry egg according to the item [4] above is characterized in that abase sequence encoding ovalbumin includes deletion, substitution, orinsertion of a base or bases in a region corresponding to a basesequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 (OVATg1) and a vicinity thereof.

Further, in one embodiment of the present invention, [6] the knock-outpoultry egg according to any of the items [1] to [3] above ischaracterized in that the oviduct-specific gene is an ovomucoid gene.

Further, in one embodiment of the present invention, [7] the knock-outpoultry egg according to the item [6] above is characterized in that abase sequence encoding ovomucoid includes deletion, substitution, orinsertion of a base or bases in a region corresponding to a basesequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 6 (OVMTg2) and a vicinity thereof.

Further, in one embodiment of the present invention, [8] the knock-outpoultry egg according to the item [6] or [7] above is characterized bybeing substantially free of endogenous ovomucoid.

Further, the present invention, in another aspect, relates to:

[9] a knock-out poultry derived from the knock-out poultry egg accordingto any of the items [1] to [8] above.

Further, the present invention, in another aspect, relates to:

[10] a knock-in poultry egg, in which:

an exogenous gene under control of an oviduct-specific gene promoter isknocked-in as homozygous or heterozygous and an expression product ofthe exogenous gene is stably and highly expressed in an egg; and

the oviduct-specific gene promoter is at least one of promoters ofoviduct-specific genes selected from the group consisting of ovalbumin,ovomucoid, ovomucin, ovotransferrin, ovoinhibitor, and lysozyme.

Further, in one embodiment of the present invention, [11] the knock-inpoultry egg according to the item [10] above is characterized in thatthe oviduct-specific gene promoter is an ovalbumin gene promoter, andthe exogenous gene and a drug-resistant gene are both inserted in anexon 2 of an ovalbumin gene.

Further, in one embodiment of the present invention, [12] the knock-inpoultry egg according to the item [10] or [11] above is characterized inthat the exogenous gene is inserted in a region corresponding to a basesequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 (OVATg1) or a vicinity thereof or aregion corresponding to a base sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 24(OVATg2) or a vicinity thereof in a base sequence encoding ovalbumin.

Further, in one embodiment of the present invention, [13] the knock-inpoultry egg according to any of the items [10] to [12] above ischaracterized in that a protein encoded by the exogenous gene iscontained in an amount of 1 mg or more per egg.

Further, in one embodiment of the present invention, [14] the knock-inpoultry egg according to any of the items [10] to [13] above ischaracterized in that an expression product of the exogenous gene isdominantly expressed in a thick albumen.

Further, in one embodiment of the present invention, [15] the knock-inpoultry egg according to any of the items [10] to [14] above ischaracterized in that the exogenous gene is a gene encoding interferonβ, immunoglobulin, or collagen.

Further, in one embodiment of the present invention, [16] the knock-inpoultry egg according to any of the items [10] to [15] above ischaracterized in that the exogenous gene is a gene derived from a humanbeing.

Further, the present invention, in another aspect, relates to:

[17] a thick albumen derived from a knock-in poultry egg in which anexogenous gene under control of an ovalbumin gene promoter is knocked-inhomozygously or heterozygously, the thick albumen dominantly containingan expression product of the exogenous gene that is stably and highlyexpressed.

Further, the present invention, in another aspect, relates to:

[18] a method of producing a knock-in poultry egg containing anexpression product of an exogenous gene that is stably and highlyexpressed, the method comprising:

a step (a) of knocking-in the exogenous gene under control of anoviduct-specific gene promoter in a poultry primordial germ cell;

a step (b) of producing female poultry in which the exogenous gene undercontrol of the oviduct-specific gene promoter is knocked-in ashomozygous or heterozygous using the poultry germ cell; and

a step (c) obtaining a poultry egg expressing the exogenous gene fromthe female poultry.

Further, in one embodiment of the present invention, [19] the method ofproducing the knock-in poultry egg containing the expression product ofthe exogenous gene that is stably and highly expressed according to theitem [18] above is characterized in that the step (a) is a step ofintroducing the exogenous gene by genome editing using (i) a donorconstruct that includes a 5′ side region of a translation starting siteunder control of the oviduct-specific gene promoter, the exogenous gene,a drug-resistant gene unit, and a 3′ side region of the translationstarting site, and (ii) a vector that includes a target sequence and adifferent drug-resistant gene unit.

Further, in one embodiment of the present invention, [20] the method ofproducing the knock-in poultry egg containing the expression product ofthe exogenous gene that is stably and highly expressed according to theitem [19] above is characterized in that:

the oviduct-specific gene promoter in the step (a) is an ovalbumin genepromoter; and

the step (d) is a step of recovering the expression product of theexogenous gene from a thick albumen of the poultry egg.

Further, in one embodiment of the present invention, [21] the method ofproducing the knock-in poultry egg containing the expression product ofthe exogenous gene that is stably and highly expressed according to theitem [19] or [20] above is characterized in that the step (a) is a stepof introducing the exogenous gene by CRISPR using (i) a donor constructthat includes a 2.8 kb 5′ side region of a translation starting site ofovalbumin, the exogenous gene, a neomycin-resistant gene unit, and a 3.0kb 3′ side region of the translation starting site of ovalbumin, and(ii) a vector that includes a base sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 24as the target sequence and a neomycin-resistant gene unit.

Further, the present invention, in another aspect, relates to:

[22] a method of preparing an expression product of an exogenous genefrom a knock-in poultry egg, further comprising a step (d) of recoveringthe expression product of the exogenous gene from the poultry egg afterthe step (c) in the method according to any of items [18] to [21] above.

Effects of Invention

The knock-in poultry egg of the present invention is produced from aknock-in poultry individual in which an identical exogenous gene (a genenot derived from the poultry) is inserted in an identical location inthe whole body, thus the difference in a protein expression levelbetween individuals is small and genetic information and character ofthe exogenous gene can be properly transmitted over generations.Further, the expression of the exogenous gene can be restricted to anoviduct by performing gene knock-in at a location of theoviduct-specific gene. In this manner, a possibility of affecting adevelopment process and the health of chicken is clearly lower ascompared to a case where the exogenous gene is expressed in the wholebody, which produces excellent effects. In addition, it is furtherpreferable that the exogenous gene is expressed under control of a genethat is highly expressing in the albumen, such as ovomucoid, to increasean expression efficiency of the exogenous gene. Moreover, the knock-inchicken can be efficiently established by the gene knock-in using genomeediting. It is confirmed that using such a new technique also allows theexpression of the exogenous gene in the oviduct and the accumulation ofthe exogenous gene expression product in the albumen. Further, it isfound, for the first time, that the exogenous gene-derived productmainly localizes to the thick albumen in the albumen. Based on thisobservation, the exogenous gene-derived product can be efficientlyrecovered by recovering a portion including the thick albumen from theegg containing the exogenous gene product, in a preferred embodiment,from the egg in which the exogenous gene is knocked-in at an albumengene locus.

Because the oviduct-specific gene is knocked-out in the knock-outpoultry egg of the present invention, the impact on the development is amatter of concern. However, it is confirmed by the inventor that suchknock-out poultry can produce an egg.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a target sequence of a chicken ovalbumin gene (a targetsequence of OVATg1). An sgRNA recognition site is indicated in capitalsand a PAM sequence is indicated by an adjacent underline.

FIG. 2 shows a target sequence of a chicken ovomucoid gene (a targetsequence of OVMTg2). An sgRNA recognition site is indicated in capitalsand a PAM sequence is indicated by an adjacent underline.

FIG. 3 shows an example of disruption of the ovalbumin gene by CRISPR.An sgRNA recognition site is indicated in capitals (underlined) and aPAM sequence is indicated by an adjacent box. A deletion site of mutatedsequence is indicated by a hyphen (-) and mutated sites are indicated incapitals. A translation starting site of OVATg1 is indicated by Met.

FIG. 4A shows an example of disruption of the ovomucoid gene by CRISPR.An sgRNA recognition site is indicated in capitals (underlined) and aPAM sequence is indicated by an adjacent box.

FIG. 4B (upper panel): An example of a chicken in which the ovomucoidgene is disrupted. A chicken (black) in a photograph is derived from atransplanted primordial germ cell and one allele of the ovomucoid genehas a 5-base deletion in a Tg2 region shown in FIG. 2. A base sequenceof the Tg2 region in the chicken genome is analyzed both on a sense sideand an antisense side. (lower panel): An example of ovomucoid genemutations found in chicken individuals (F1 chickens). Deletions of 1 to31 bases are found.

FIG. 5A shows knock-in of a human interferon β gene at an ovalbumin genelocus and demonstration of the knock-in by genome PCR. Primer 1 (P1) toprimer 8 (P8) correspond to the following sequences. P1: SEQ ID NO: 15,P2: SEQ ID NO: 17, P3: SEQ ID NO: 16, P4: SEQ ID NO: 14, P5: SEQ ID NO:18, P6: SEQ ID NO: 20, P7: SEQ ID NO: 21, P8: SEQ ID NO: 19. As a resultof nested PCR, amplification products in predicted sizes are detectedonly in genome derived from the knock-in primordial germ cells (PGCs)(indicated by arrows in an image).

FIG. 5B shows knock-in of the human interferon β gene at the ovalbumingene locus in a chimeric chicken sperm. Semen genomes from 4 chimericchickens (411 to 414) and 1 negative control chicken (416, NC), andgenome of knock-in cells (PCIFNKI #4) are amplified using primer sets ofSEQ ID NO: 18 and 19 (3′ UTR), SEQ ID NO: 15 and 14 (5′ OVAp_out-IFN),and SEQ ID NO: 15 and 22 (5′ OVAp_out-OVA(ATG)). Detected bands inpredicted sizes are indicated by “*”. In 411 and 412, knock-in signalshaving almost the same relative intensities as that of the positivecontrol are detected.

FIG. 5C shows chickens in which the human interferon β gene isknocked-in at the ovalbumin gene locus. Photographs show chickens(female) which are offsprings of 411 and 412 in FIG. 5B. A PCR analysisof genomes derived from blood of the offsprings demonstrates that an IFNdonor construct is knocked-in at the ovalbumin gene locus. A genomederived from blood of a wild-type (WT: a negative control) chicken, thegenomes derived from blood of the knock-in chicken offsprings (KI), anda genome derived from a knock-in cell (KI PGC: a positive control) areamplified using primer sets of SEQ ID NO: 18 and 19 (a knock-in 3′region), SEQ ID NO: 15 and 14 (a knock-in 5′ region), and SEQ ID NO: 15and 22 (endogenous ovalbumin). Detected bands in predicted sizes areindicated by “*”. In the offsprings of 411 and 412, signals having thesame patterns as that of the positive control are detected, indicatingthat the IFN donor construct is knocked-in at the ovalbumin gene locusin the chicken offsprings.

FIG. 6A shows target sequences (2 locations, the target sequences ofOVATg1 and OVATg2) of the chicken ovalbumin gene. sgRNA recognitionsites are indicated in capitals and PAM sequences are indicated byadjacent underlines.

FIG. 6B shows an efficiency of gene knock-in at the ovalbumin gene locusof the chicken primordial germ cell. The knock-in efficiency is the samebetween a transfection group 1 and a transfection group 2. Since thetransfection group 2 has more cells, a transfection method of thetransfection group 2 is more preferable. The knock-in efficiency seemsto be higher in a transfection group 3 than that in the transfectiongroup 2, thus a transfection method of the transfection group 3 is morepreferable.

FIG. 7 shows knock-in of a human immunoglobulin gene at the ovalbumingene locus and demonstration of the knock-in by genome PCR. Primer 1(P1) to primer 8 (P8) correspond to the following sequences. P1: SEQ IDNO: 15, P2: SEQ ID NO: 17, P3: SEQ ID NO: 29, P4: SEQ ID NO: 28, P5: SEQID NO: 18, P6: SEQ ID NO: 20, P7: SEQ ID NO: 21, P8: SEQ ID NO: 19. As aresult of nested PCR, amplification products in predicted sizes aredetected only in the genome derived from the knock-in primordial germcells (PGCs) (indicated by arrows in an image).

FIG. 8 shows knock-in of a human collagen gene at the ovalbumin genelocus and demonstration of the knock-in by genome PCR. Primer 1 (P1) toprimer 8 (P8) correspond to the following sequences. P1: SEQ ID NO: 15,P2: SEQ ID NO: 17, P3: SEQ ID NO: 29, P4: SEQ ID NO: 28, P5: SEQ ID NO:18, P6: SEQ ID NO: 20, P7: SEQ ID NO: 21, P8: SEQ ID NO: 31. As a resultof nested PCR, amplification products in predicted sizes are detectedonly in the genome derived from the knock-in primordial germ cells(PGCs) (indicated by arrows in an image).

FIG. 9 shows an image of an egg produced from an interferon β knock-infemale chicken. It is found that a thick albumen surrounding an egg yolkis cloudy.

FIG. 10 shows an image of western blotting of albumen components usingan anti-human interferon β antibody. Recombinant human interferon β(indicated by an arrow) is expressed in an egg derived from a knock-inchicken. A thick albumen contains more human interferon β proteins thana thin albumen per unit volume. It is found that the thick albumencontains 100 times more human interferon β proteins than the thinalbumen in terms of a relative concentration.

FIG. 11 shows a distribution of human interferon β in the albumenproduced by the human interferon β knock-in chicken. In eggs derivedfrom multiple chickens (KI egg 1 and 2), the thick albumen contains moreinterferon β proteins than the thin albumen (indicated by boxes). Aconcentration of recombinant human interferon β in the thick albumen isone tenth of the ovalbumin proteins present in a concentration of about50 mg/ml (indicated by black arrows), thus the concentration ofrecombinant human interferon β is estimated to be about 5 mg/ml.

FIG. 12 shows how stably the interferon β protein is expressed in an eggproduced from the interferon β knock-in chicken. Eggs were collected fora week (d1 to d7) and human interferon β contained in the thick albumenwas identified by CBB staining. It is found that interferon β is stablyexpressed during the test period.

FIG. 13 shows an image of white precipitates obtained aftercentrifugation of the thick albumen. The thick albumen of the eggproduced from the interferon β knock-in chicken is centrifuged withoutany treatment (1) or after various treatments (2 to 10) to compareamounts of white precipitate. The amounts of the white precipitates arereduced in 2 to 10 as compared to 1. In FIG. 13, a thick albumen liquidin an amount of 200 μl is added in each tube and subjected to thefollowing treatments. The thick albumen liquid is added and mixed byinversion with 4 times volume (800 μl) of a 3M saturated argininesolution (tube 2), added with 4 times volume (800 μl) of the 3Msaturated arginine solution and subjected to ultrasonic crushing (tube3), added and mixed by inversion with a small amount of arginine (20 mg)and filled up with PBS to 1 ml (tube 4), added and mixed by inversionwith a small amount of arginine hydrochloride (20 mg) and filled up withPBS to 1 ml (tube 5), filled up with PBS to 1 ml and subjected to theultrasonic crushing (tube 6), added and mixed by inversion with argininehydrochloride in a saturating amount or more (200 mg) (tube 7), addedwith twice volume (400 μl) of the 3M saturated arginine solution andsubjected to the ultrasonic crushing (tube 8), added with a small amountof arginine hydrochloride (20 mg) and subjected to the ultrasoniccrushing (tube 9), or added with a small amount of sodium chloride (40mg) and subjected to the ultrasonic crushing (tube 10). Although thewhite precipitates were still observed after centrifugation at 20 k×gfor 15 minutes, the amounts of the white precipitates were reduced byall of these treatments as compared to the case where no treatment wasperformed (tube 1). In particular, the amounts of the white precipitateswere markedly reduced in the tubes 3, 6, 8, and 9, which were subjectedto the ultrasonic crushing.

FIG. 14 shows an image of electrophoresis of supernatants of the thickalbumen after various treatments. The thick albumen without thecentrifugation treatment (lane 0) and the supernatants of the tubes 1 to10 in FIG. 13 (lanes 1 to 10) were subjected to electrophoresis afteradjusting their loading amounts to be equal on the basis of the originalamounts of the thick albumen. Bands of human interferon β are indicatedby a black arrow.

FIG. 15 shows activity of human interferon β contained in an egg derivedfrom the human interferon β knock-in chicken. The activity of humaninterferon β is detected in all of a thick albumen rough purificationproduct, a centrifugation supernatant of the thick albumen, and the thinalbumen.

FIG. 16 shows genomes of ovomucoid heterozygous knock-out (in a G1generation: 5-base deletion in ORF) male and female, and genomes ofovomucoid heterozygous and homozygous knock-out and wild-type chickensobtained from the heterozygous knock-out chickens in the nextgeneration.

FIG. 17 shows an image of electrophoresis of the thick albumen obtainedfrom different G1 individuals. The thick albumen derived from awild-type chicken (ctrl) and the thick albumen derived from 5 humaninterferon β knock-in chickens (#584, #766, #714, #645, and #640) aresubjected to electrophoresis. Bands of human interferon β are indicatedby an arrow.

FIG. 18 shows a comparison of activity between human interferon βcontained in the egg derived from the human interferon β knock-inchicken (lower stage) and commercially available recombinant humaninterferon β (upper stage). In the image, culture supernatants ofbioassay cells are added to a QUANTI-Blue substrate solution. Thealbumen supernatant and commercially available interferon β are seriallydiluted by 5-fold and added to the bioassay cells. Judging from a colorchange of the substrate solution, the albumen supernatant containsinterferon β at a concentration of 625 or more times greater than a 0.01μg/μl concentration of commercially available interferon β.

FIG. 19 shows the interferon β proteins (left panel) in the eggs derivedfrom the human interferon β knock-in chickens in the G1 generation andG2 generation. Concentrations of human interferon β in the thick albumenof the eggs derived from G1 and G2 (3 female chickens) are approximatelyequal to each other. Further, the egg derived from G2 is cloudy as isthe case for the egg derived from G1.

FIG. 20 shows an image of western blotting of the albumen derived from achicken in which a human antibody gene is knocked-in at the ovalbumingene locus using an anti-human immunoglobulin antibody. A recombinanthuman antibody (indicated by an arrow with a sign of hIgG) is expressedin an egg derived from the knock-in chicken (hIgG KI) but not in thealbumen derived from a wild type (ctrl) (left panel). Further, therecombinant human antibody has the same electrophoretic mobility as acommercially available human antibody (Herceptin) under a non-reducedcondition, indicating that the recombinant human antibody can form anantibody complex (right panel). A dilution ratio of the albumen isindicated by 1/2 k (1/2000), 1/200, and 1/20. Judging from band,intensities, a concentration of the antibody complex is 1 mg/ml or more.

FIG. 21 shows an egg derived from an ovomucoid homozygous knock-out(OVM−/− in a G2 generation). The egg is not markedly different from awild-type egg in appearance (left panel) and the albumen and egg yolk ofthe egg are coagulated by heating (right panel), thus the egg can beprocessed similarly to the wild-type egg for cooking or other purposes.

FIG. 22 shows an ovomucoid homozygous knock-out individual in a G3generation obtained by incubating an egg derived from the ovomucoidhomozygous knock-out (OVM−/− in a G2 generation) (upper panel). The G3generation was obtained by mating an OVM−/− female and OVM−/− male. Achicken can be developed without an endogenous ovomucoid gene or anovomucoid gene product in the egg. It is found that the ovomucoid genehas a homozygous 5 bp deletion by a fragment analysis (lower panel).

FIG. 23 shows an image of eggs derived from 4 lines of interferon βknock-in female chickens. The thick albumen is cloudy in all 4 eggs asseen in FIG. 9.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

In the present invention, a gene in a poultry primordial germ cell ismodified by genome editing to obtain knock-in or knock-out femalepoultry that is derived from the genetically modified primordial germcell, thereby obtaining a knock-in or knock-out poultry egg of thepresent invention from the knock-in or knock-out female.

In the present specification, the “knock-out poultry egg” includes eggsproduced from female poultry having both heterozygous (+/−) andhomozygous (−/−; null) genotypes of a knock-out gene. In a case where aknock-out gene is expressed in an oviduct and encodes an egg allergenaccumulated in the albumen, an egg of the heterozygous knock-out poultryhas a reduced amount of the egg allergen protein. On the other hand, anegg produced from the homozygous knock-out female poultry lacks the eggallergen protein.

In the present specification, the “knock-in poultry egg” includes eggsproduced from female poultry having both heterozygous (+/−) genotype of,and fertilized eggs produced from poultry having homozygous (+/+)genotype of a knock-in gene. An egg produced from the female poultryhaving the homozygous (+/+) genotype of the knock-in gene contains moreexpression products of an exogenous gene than an egg produced from thefemale poultry having the heterozygous (+/−) genotype of the knock-ingene.

The genome editing is a technique for gene modification using a cleavageof double-stranded DNA and an error in repairing the cleavage andincludes a nuclease capable of cleaving the target double-stranded DNAand a DNA recognition component that binds to or forms a complex withthe nuclease. Examples of the genome editing technique include ZFN (zincfinger nuclease), TALEN, and CRISPR. For example, ZFN uses FokI (anuclease) and a zinc finger motif (a DNA recognition component), TALENuses FokI (a nuclease) and a TAL effector (a DNA recognition component),and CRISPR uses Cas9 (a nuclease) and a guide RNA (gRNA, a DNArecognition component). The nuclease used in the genome editing is onlyrequired to have nuclease activity, and a DNA polymerase, a recombinase,and the like may be used other than the nuclease.

Examples of the poultry include a chicken, a quail, a turkey, a duck, agoose, a long-tailed cock, a Japanese bantam, a pigeon, an ostrich, agreen pheasant, a helmeted guineafowl, and the like. Preferable examplesof the poultry include the chicken, the quail, and the like.

The primordial germ cell may be from male or female. The primordial germcell of the poultry such as a chicken is a floating cell and cultured inthe presence of a feeder cell, such as a BRL cell and STO cell.Alternatively, the primordial germ cell may be cultured in the absenceof the feeder cell by adding an appropriate cytokine in a medium.

A gene modified by the genome editing is an oviduct-specific gene, andspecific examples thereof include ovalbumin, ovomucoid, ovomucin,ovotransferrin, ovoinhibitor, lysozyme, and the like.

A gene function is eliminated by knock-out performed by the geneediting. In a case where at least one base is deleted or inserted in agene by the gene editing, the gene function may be eliminated by a frameshift. The gene function may be eliminated without a frame shift bymissing a part of amino acids. Further, the gene function may beeliminated by generating a stop codon by deletion or substitution.

In a case where an exogenous gene is knocked-in by the genome editing,the exogenous gene is preferably knocked-in at an oviduct-specific genelocus to obtain an egg containing an expression product of the exogenousgene instead of an expression product of the oviduct-specific gene.Examples of a protein as the expression product of the exogenous geneinclude various secreted proteins and peptides, and specific examplesthereof include a functional peptide, such as an antibody (a monoclonalantibody) or a fragment thereof (e.g., scFv, Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)2, Fv, asingle-chain antibody, scFv, dsFv, etc.), an enzyme, a hormone, a growthfactor, a cytokine, an interferon, a collagen, an extracellular matrixmolecule, and a vaccine, an agonistic protein, an antagonistic protein,and the like. In a case where the protein encoded by the exogenous geneis a biologically active protein that can be administered to human as amedicine, such a protein is derived from a mammal, preferably fromhuman. Further, in a case where the protein encoded by the exogenousgene is an industrially applicable protein, such as a protein A and aprotein constituting a spider thread, examples of the exogenous geneinclude a gene that encodes a protein derived from any organismsincluding a microorganism (bacteria, yeast, etc.), a plant, and ananimal, or an artificial protein.

As the exogenous gene, a single gene or a plurality of genes may beused. In a case where a plurality of genes are used, the plurality ofgenes are expressed under control of the oviduct-specific gene. Forexample, the plurality of genes may be expressed by interposing asequence such as IRES between the plurality of genes. Alternatively, theplurality of genes may be expressed by interposing a sequence encoding a2A peptide or the like between the plurality of genes. In such a case,the plurality of genes are simultaneously expressed as a single peptideunder control of an ovalbumin promoter and the peptide is cleaved toproduce a plurality of proteins.

The exogenous protein may include an appropriate signal peptide. Codonusage of the exogenous protein may be changed to facilitate itsexpression in the poultry.

In a preferred embodiment of the knock-in poultry egg of the presentinvention, the expression product of the exogenous gene is dominantlyexpressed in the thick albumen. The term “dominant” herein refers to (a)a state in which an expression amount of the exogenous gene in the thickalbumen is 50% or more, 60% or more, 65% or more, 70% or more, 75% ormore, 80% or more, 85% or more, 90% or more, 95% or more, or 98% or moreby mass with respect to an expression amount of the exogenous gene in awhole knock-in egg or (b) a state in which an expression amount of theexogenous gene in the thick albumen is 1.1 times or more, preferably 2times or more, more preferably 10 times or more of an expression amountof the exogenous gene in an egg other than the thick albumen in arelative concentration. The expression product of the knock-in exogenousgene is concentrated in the thick albumen and can thus be easilypurified. Further, the expression product of the exogenous gene can beexpressed in an active form. The thick albumen may become cloudy due tothe expression product of the exogenous gene. However, a cloudy proteincan be easily solubilized by an ultrasonic treatment, adding asolubilizing agent such as arginine hydrochloride, or the like.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the expressionproduct of the knock-in gene expressed in the thick albumen may be in asoluble form or in an insoluble form. The expression product of theknock-in gene in the insoluble form can be purified as an activeprotein. The expression product of the knock-in gene is preferablypurified after solubilized. For purification, a conventionalpurification method, such as a column and dialysis, may be used. As thegenome editing, a zinc finger, TALEN, and CRISPR can be mentioned. Ofthese, TALEN and CRISPR are preferable and CRISPR is more preferable. Asa new genome editing method has been continuously developed, the presentinvention is not limited to the existing methods and any genome editingmethods to be developed in the future may be used in the presentinvention.

When performing knock-in by the genome editing, it is preferable that adrug-resistant gene is stably integrated in the genome together with theuseful exogenous gene to select a knock-in primordial germ cell by thedrug-resistant gene. Examples of the drug-resistant gene include aneomycin-resistant gene (Neor), a hydromycin-resistant gene (Hygr), apuromycin-resistant gene (Puror), a blasticidin-resistant gene (blastr),a zeocin-resistant gene (Zeor), and the like. Of these, theneomycin-resistant gene (Neor) or the puromycin-resistant gene (Puror)is preferable.

When performing knock-in of the exogenous gene at the oviduct-specificgene locus, a translation starting site of the exogenous gene ispreferably coincided with a translation starting site of theoviduct-specific gene. The exogenous gene may be introduced into theprimordial germ cell as single- or double-stranded nucleic acids. Thedouble-stranded nucleic acids may be introduced in a form of a plasmidvector, a BAC (bacterial artificial chromosome) vector, or the like. Agene sequence around the translation starting site of theoviduct-specific gene may be inserted immediately before the translationstarting site of the exogenous gene to match the translation startingsite of the exogenous gene with the translation starting site of theoviduct-specific gene by the knock-in.

In a case where the ovalbumin gene is selected as the oviduct-specificgene and the exogenous gene is introduced under control of the ovalbumingene promoter, a 5′ end of the exogenous gene is preferably inserted ina base sequence encoding ovalbumin in a region corresponding to a basesequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 (OVATg1) or in a regioncorresponding to a base sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 24 (OVATg2).More preferably, the translation starting site of the exogenous gene isinserted in the translation starting site of the ovalbumin gene.

In a case where the exogenous gene is knocked-in at the oviduct-specificgene locus to obtain a knock-in chicken individual and its egg, it isdesirable that the albumen of the egg is recovered to recover theexogenous gene product. More desirably, a portion including the thickalbumen surrounding the egg yolk is recovered to efficiently recover theexogenous gene product.

In a case where a gene function is eliminated by knock-out using thegenome editing, the above-mentioned drug-resistant gene is preferablyintroduced into a primordial germ cell during the gene transfection bythe gene editing to perform a selection on the basis of thedrug-resistant gene. For the introduction of the drug-resistant gene anddrug-based selection, the drug-resistant gene may be stably ortransiently introduced. The drug-resistant gene is preferablytransiently introduced in the case of the knock-out. Examples of thedrug-resistant gene include the ones described above. Of these, thepuromycin-resistant gene (Puror) or the zeocin-resistant gene (Zeor) ispreferable. The drug-resistant gene may be introduced independently froma zinc finger, TALEN, or CRISPR plasmid or integrated into theseplasmids. The drug-resistant gene is preferably integrated into theplasmid used for the genome editing.

In the present invention, performing knock-out of the oviduct-specificgene can induce deletion, substitution, or insertion of a base or basesin a base sequence encoding the oviduct-specific gene to be knocked-outand thus causes a frame shift or a nonsense mutation in theoviduct-specific gene, whereby a protein expression can be eliminated.For example, performing the knock-out by using CRISPR can inducedeletion, substitution, or insertion of a base or bases in a region neara 5′ side or 3′ side of a PAM sequence. The region near the 5′ side or3′ side of the PAM sequence is within, for example, about 1 to 50 bases,preferably about 1 to 15 bases, from the PAM sequence.

One embodiment of the present invention can include the knock-outpoultry egg in which ovalbumin or ovomucoid is knocked-out as theoviduct-specific gene, although the present invention is not limitedthereto. In a preferable embodiment of the knock-out of ovalbumin as theoviduct-specific gene, deletion, substitution, or insertion of a base orbases can be induced in a region corresponding to a base sequencerepresented by SEQ ID NO: 1 (OVATg1) and its vicinity. Further, in apreferable embodiment of the knock-out of ovomucoid as theoviduct-specific gene, deletion, substitution, or insertion of a base orbases can be induced in a region corresponding to a base sequencerepresented by SEQ ID NO: 6 (OVMTg2) and its vicinity.

In this description, for example, the “region corresponding to a basesequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 (OVATg1)” includes a correspondingregion in a homolog of the ovomucoid gene, and a person skilled in theart can recognize the region corresponding to the base sequence in thepoultry of interest.

The ovomucoid protein before secretion contains 210 amino acids (210aa)(an initiation methionine is counted as the first amino acid) and has asignal peptide from 1 to 24th aa. Further, the PAM sequence of SEQ IDNO: 1 (OVATg1) corresponds to 38 and 39th aa. Thus, in one embodiment ofthe present invention, the ovomucoid gene knock-out poultry eggexpresses an ovomucoid mutant protein that lacks at least 160th aa andaa thereafter, preferably 100th aa and aa thereafter, more preferably38th aa and aa thereafter.

Further, in a preferable embodiment of the present invention, theovomucoid gene knock-out poultry egg is substantially free fromendogenous ovomucoid. Being substantially free from endogenous ovomucoidmeans that endogenous ovomucoid is eliminated in an egg produced from anovomucoid knock-out female poultry in which the ovomucoid gene ishomozygously knocked-out.

Genetically modified poultry can be produced by a conventional methodfrom the genetically modified poultry primordial germ cell that isobtained by the gene modification method in one embodiment of thepresent invention. Further, a (knock-in and knock-out) egg can beobtained from the genetically modified poultry. Specific procedures willbe described below.

The genetically modified primordial germ cell is transplanted in ablastoderm, blood stream, or gonadal region of a recipient early embryo.Several hundreds to several thousands of the cells are transplanted bymicroinjection into the blood stream around the time of starting a bloodcirculation, preferably on the second or third day after the start ofegg incubation. Further, the endogenous primordial germ cells of therecipient may be inactivated or reduced in number in advance by a drugor ionizing radiation before performing transplantation. The eggincubation is continued for the transplanted embryo according to aconventional method to obtain a transplanted individual. Thetransplantation and egg incubation may be performed in an ex-ovo culturesystem in which an eggshell is changed or a windowing method in which aneggshell is not changed. The hatched individual can be raised under anormal condition to sexual maturity to obtain a living individual (achimeric individual). The chimeric individual is mated with a wild-typeor genetically modified individual, or the genetically modified chimericindividual to produce a poultry offspring having the geneticmodification derived from the transplanted cell. The primordial germcell of the present invention obtained by the genome editing has highproliferation ability and differentiates into a large number of spermsor eggs having high fertilizability in the chimeric individual. In orderto increase an efficiency of this process, a mating test may beperformed after examining a frequency of gene modification in genomes ofgametes or evaluating a contribution ratio of the transferred cells, orthe offspring may be selected by a feather color. The geneticallymodified homozygous poultry can be obtained by mating the femalechimeric poultry in which the genetically modified female primordialgerm cells are transplanted with the male chimeric poultry in which thegenetically modified male primordial germ cells are transplanted.Further, the present invention is not limited to internal fertilizationof the poultry. In a case where a technique such as differentiating aprimordial germ cell into a germ cell in vitro is developed in thefuture, the genetically modified poultry can be produced by artificialinsemination or intracytoplasmic sperm injection using such a technique.

In FIG. 2, FIG. 4A, FIG. 4B, and FIG. 16, the PAM sequence of OVMTg2 is“agg”, however, NCBI databases include two kinds of sequencescorresponding to chicken ovomucoid OVMTg2. Thus, the OVMTg2 sequence canbe represented by TTTCCCAACGCTACAGACA(t or a)gg. The present inventionincludes all kinds of polymorphisms such as above.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the genome editing maybe performed without culturing the primordial germ cell. In such a case,the endogenous primordial germ cell is genetically manipulated byinfecting the early embryo with various viral vectors or injecting aplasmid vector as a liposome complex into a blood stream of the earlyembryo to establish a chimeric individual and a recombinant offspring.The primordial germ cell obtained by the genome editing includes thegene modification at a high frequency and has sufficiently highfertility to produce a recombinant poultry offspring or a geneticallymodified poultry offspring, and is thus useful in the presentembodiment. In the present embodiment, the (endogenous) primordial germcell can be genetically modified without culturing the primordial germcell.

Examples of the viral vector used for gene manipulation by the genomeediting include a retroviral vector, an adenoviral vector, anadeno-associated viral vector, a lentiviral vector, and the like. Theseviral vectors may be used for the genome editing both in the culturedprimordial germ cell and the endogenous primordial germ cell.

For example, in a case where the endogenous primordial germ cell ismodified by the genome editing, the genome editing in the primordialgerm cell may be performed by constructing a viral vector expressing anuclease that recognizes and cleaves any target sequences and an sgRNAusing a genome editing viral vector commercially available from variouscompanies, processing the viral vector into an infectious form bypackaging, and administering a resulting material into a place where theprimordial germ cell exits, such as a blastoderm, blood stream, orgonadal region of the poultry early embryo. In this manner, agenetically modified individual and a genetically modified product canbe obtained in the following generation. The commercially availablegenome editing viral vectors are offered by a number of companiesworldwide, and examples thereof include an “AAVpro (registeredtrademark) CRISPR/Cas9 Helper Free System (AAV2)” available from TakaraBio Inc., which uses the adeno-associated viral vector, a “LentiviralCRISPR/Cas9 System” available from System Biosciences, LLC, which usesthe lentiviral vector, and the like. In a case where the genemodification involves knock-in, the viral vector required for the geneediting may be used with, for example, a viral vector, plasmid, Bacvector, or single- or double-stranded DNA including a gene to beknocked-in.

Further, a genome editing plasmid and a donor construct, either withoutor in combination with the viral vector, may be prepared in a cellmembrane permeable form, such as a liposome complex, and administeredinto a place where the primordial germ cell exits, such as a blastoderm,blood stream, or gonadal region of the poultry early embryo, to performthe genome editing in the primordial germ cell and obtain a geneticallymodified individual and a genetically modified product in the followinggeneration.

In the knock-in poultry egg of the present invention obtained by theabove method, an expression product of the exogenous gene is stably andhighly expressed in the egg. Herein, “the expression product of theexogenous gene being stably and highly expressed in the egg” means thata protein encoded by the exogenous gene is expressed in an amount ofabout 1 mg or more per egg in each egg derived from differentindividuals. The expression amount of the exogenous protein ispreferably about 10 mg or more, more preferably 100 mg or more, per egg.Further, for example, in a case where the exogenous gene is knocked-inat the chicken oviduct-specific gene locus, the exogenous gene product(protein) is expressed in the thick albumen of the egg produced from theknock-in female chicken in a concentration of 5 mg/ml. Thisconcentration is much higher than that obtained by a conventional genetransfection method that does not rely on knock-in and thus causesrandom gene insertions. Since the exogenous gene is inserted in anidentical location, variation in expression level is small betweenindividuals and in the same individual. Further, because the presentinvention uses a technique to perform knock-in at a translation startingsite of a gene that is actually expressing in a chicken individual, thegene expression is not reduced by an effect of gene silencing or thelike in a G2 generation or later.

In the case where the exogenous gene is knocked-in at theoviduct-specific gene locus by the present method, the exogenous geneproduct (protein) in the egg produced from the knock-in female chickenis distributed to the thick albumen at a higher concentration than thatdistributed to the thin albumen. Thus, the exogenous gene product can beefficiently recovered by recovering a portion including the thickalbumen.

An egg deprived of an albumen allergen protein can be obtained byraising an albumen allergen gene homozygous knock-out chicken generatedby the present method and obtaining an egg thereof. Such an egg isexpected to have low allergenicity. Non-Patent Literature 4 discloses anexample of a heterozygous ovalbumin knock-out chicken. However, it isimpossible to predict whether a homozygous knock-out chicken can beobtained or whether such a homozygous knock-out chicken can produce anegg in light of the overall common technical knowledge at that time orfrom the literature.

EXAMPLES

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail by way ofexamples.

Production Example 1 Genome Editing Using Chicken Male Primordial GermCell Production Example 1-1 Gene Constructions for Knock-In at Ovalbumin(OVA) Gene Locus and Knock-Out of Ovomucoid (OVM)

A CRISPR method was applied to a chicken male primordial germ cell linefor targeting an ovalbumin and ovomucoid genes. As shown in FIG. 1(ovalbumin) and FIG. 2 (ovomucoid), OVATg1 and OVMTg2 were testedrespectively if they were suitable as targets.

A CRISPR plasmid for targeting the target sequence of the ovalbumin geneshown in FIG. 1 was constructed.

First, for targeting SEQ ID NO: 1 (OVATg1), oligo DNAs represented bySEQ ID NO: 2 and SEQ ID NO: 3 were synthesized, subjected to 5′phosphorylation by T4 polynucleotide kinase, and then annealed byheating a mixture of both oligo DNAs to 98° C. and slowly cooling themixture to the room temperature. This DNA fragment was inserted into aBbsI cleavage site of a plasmid px330-Puro^(r) in which apuromycin-resistant gene unit represented by SEQ ID NO: 4 was insertedinto a NotI site of a plasmid px330 (AddGENE, USA) to obtainpx330-Puro^(r)-OVATg1. Further, the puromycin-resistant gene unit inpx330-Puro^(r)-OVATg1 was replaced with a neomycin-resistant gene unitrepresented by SEQ ID NO: 5 to construct px330-Neo^(r)-OVATg1.

A CRISPR plasmid for targeting the target sequence of the ovomucoid geneshown in FIG. 2 was constructed. For targeting SEQ ID NO: 6 (OVMTg2),oligo DNAs represented by SEQ ID NO: 7 and SEQ ID NO: 8 weresynthesized, phosphorylated, annealed, and inserted into a BbsI cleavagesite of the plasmid px330-Puro^(r) to obtain px330-Puro^(r)-OVMTg2.

Production Example 1-2 Knock-Out of Ovalbumin and Ovomucoid Genes

A chicken male primordial germ cell was collected from the blood streamof a male embryo of Barred Plymouth Rock to establish a cell line (thecell line was prepared according to Non-Patent Literature 3). The cellline was transiently transfected with the above genes (plasmids). After1×10⁵ to 5×10⁵ male primordial germ line cells were rinsed with PBS andsuspended into OPTI-MEM, 1.6 μg of px330-Neo^(r)-OVATg1 was transfectedinto the cells using 3 μl of Lipofectamine 2000 (Life Technologies,USA). Specifically, Lipofectamine 2000 and the plasmid were mixed in the80 μl of OPTI-MEM, and the resulting mixture was added to the maleprimordial germ line cells. The primordial germ line cells mixed withthe mixture were left still for about 5 minutes at the room temperatureand then added with 500 μl of medium containing no antibiotics. Afterbeing left still at 37° C. for about 1 to 4 hours, the primordial germline cells were seeded onto feeder cells. The cell culture was addedwith neomycin (G418 disulfate salt, Nacalai, Japan) at a finalconcentration of 0.5 mg/ml from day 2 to day 4 after gene transfection.Then, the primordial germ line cells were rinsed to remove neomycin andcultured for another 1 to 2 weeks. After the cultured cells werecollected and their genomic DNA was extracted, a PCR method wasperformed to amplify a part of the ovalbumin gene with oligo DNA primersrepresented by SEQ ID NO: 9 and SEQ ID NO: 10. The amplified DNA wassub-cloned into a TA vector (pGEM-T Easy, Promega, USA) to analyze agenome base sequence of a region including SEQ ID NO: 1 (OVATg1). Asshown in FIG. 3, mutations including a deletion or substitution of thestart codon were confirmed.

Next, a similar analysis was performed by targeting the ovomucoid gene.As described above, 1×10⁵ to 5×10⁵ male primordial germ line cells weretransfected with 1.6 μg of px330-Puro^(r)-OVMTg2 using Lipofectamine2000. The cell culture was added with puromycin at a final concentrationof 1 μg/ml from day 2 to day 4 after gene transfection. The cells wererinsed to remove puromycin and cultured for another 1 to 2 weeks. Afterthe cells were collected and their genomic DNA was extracted, a PCRmethod was performed to amplify a part of the ovomucoid gene with oligoDNA primers represented by SEQ ID NO: 11 and SEQ ID NO: 12. Theamplified DNA was sub-cloned into a TA vector to analyze a genome basesequence of a region including SEQ ID NO: 6 (OVMTg2). Gene deletion wasobserved in 21 out of 23 clones analyzed (91%) in the region includingSEQ ID NO: 6 (OVMTg2) of the ovomucoid gene. On the other hand, genedeletion was observed in 0 out of 24 clones (0%) in a control group notselected by a drug. An example of gene mutations found in the regionincluding OVMTg2 are shown in FIG. 4A. These results show that amutation efficiency can be markedly increased in the genome editing of agene of the poultry primordial germ cell by introducing a drug-resistantgene and transiently performing a drug selection, in particular, a highmutation efficiency can be obtained by the puromycin-resistant gene andthe drug selection using puromycin.

Production Example 1-3 Establishing Genome Edited Chicken

The px330-Puro^(r)-OVMTg2 plasmid was transfected into Barred PlymouthRock primordial germ cells in a manner described in Production example1-2 and the drug selected cells were cultured. The cultured cells weretransplanted into a blood stream of a 2.5-day-old White Leghorn embryo(a recipient embryo) by microinjection. Prior to transplantation, afertilized egg was irradiated with ionizing radiation at 5 Gy or 6 Gybefore incubation to reduce the number of endogenous primordial germcells in the recipient embryo. The ionizing radiation was performed bygamma irradiation using a Gammacell 40 irradiator (Atomic Energy ofCanada Ltd.).

After 2.5 days of incubation, a window having a diameter of about 2 cmwas cut in the egg shell on a protruding side to expose an embryo. About1,000 to 5,000 drug selected cells (suspended in 1 to 2 μl PBS) weretransplanted in the blood stream of the recipient embryo at ahamburger-hamilton stage of 13 to 15 using a glass micropipette. Afterthe window was sealed by a cellophane tape, the egg was incubated andhatched at a temperature of 38.5° C. and a humidity of 60 to 80% (achimeric chick (G0)). Eight male chimeric chicks were raised to sexualmaturity and their sperms were collected. After the genomic DNA wasextracted from the sperms, a PCR method was performed to amplify a partof the ovomucoid gene with oligo DNA primers represented by SEQ ID NO:11 and SEQ ID NO: 12. The amplified DNA was sub-cloned into a TA vectorto analyze a genome base sequence of the region including SEQ ID NO: 6(OVMTg2). Chimeric chickens #372 and #376 having a high mutationfrequency (in both cases, the ovomucoid gene was mutated in 10 out of 11clones after sub-cloning) were mated with wild-type Barred Plymouth Rockfemales to find 11 and 6 ovomucoid mutated chickens (chicks) out of 19and 14 offsprings, respectively. One example of mutation in theovomucoid gene is shown in an upper panel of FIG. 4B. This individualhas a 5-base deletion immediately after a signal peptide of theovomucoid protein, which causes a frame shift mutation in one allele ofthe ovomucoid gene. Further, representative examples of mutations (genedeletions) found around the target region of ovomucoid genome are shownin a lower panel of FIG. 4B. Several female and male individuals ofovomucoid heterozygous knock-out having frame shift mutationsimmediately after the signal peptide of the ovomucoid protein asrepresented above were obtained, allowing the production of a homozygousovomucoid knock-out chicken by mating these individuals after sexualmaturity.

Production Example 2 Human Interferon Gene Knock-In at Ovalbumin GeneLocus Production Example 2-1 Knock-In for Establishing Primordial GermCell and Establishment of Knock-In Chimeric Chicken

In order to insert an exogenous gene (human interferon β; IFNβ) at atranslation starting site of the ovalbumin gene, a donor construct (anIFNβ donor construct) including a human interferon β gene represented bySEQ ID NO: 13 was created. This donor construct contains an about 2.8 kb5′ side of a translation starting site of ovalbumin, the humaninterferon β gene, a drug-resistant gene unit (PGK-puro^(r)), and anabout 3.0 kb 3′ side of the translation starting site of ovalbumin. Thisdonor construct was inserted in a plasmid pBlue ScriptII (SK+)(Stratagene, USA, current Agilent Technologies) to create a pBS-IFNβdonor. As with production example 1, 1×10⁵ to 5×10⁵ primordial germ linecells were simultaneously transfected with 0.8 μg ofpx330-Neo^(r)-OVATg1 and 0.8 μg of the pBS-IFNβ donor usingLipofectamine 2000. The cell culture was added with puromycin at a finalconcentration of 1 μg/ml on the third day after gene transfection. Afterthe medium was replaced as needed, cells capable of growing in thepresence of puromycin at a final concentration of 1 μg/ml were recoveredto prepare their genomic DNA. The genome PCR was performed to confirmthat the donor construct was knocked-in at the ovalbumin gene locus. PCRin the 5′ region was conducted as described below using a primerrecognizing the exogenous gene on the donor construct and a primerrecognizing a 5′ region of ovalbumin not included in the donorconstruct. The PCR was conducted using an antisense primer recognizinginterferon β, represented by SEQ ID NO: 14, and a sense primerrecognizing a region of an about 3.0 kb 5′ side of the translationstarting site of ovalbumin, represented by SEQ ID NO: 15. Another roundof PCR (nested PCR) was conducted with an amplification product using anantisense primer recognizing interferon β, represented by SEQ ID NO: 16,and a sense primer recognizing an about 2.85 kb 5′ side of thetranslation starting site of ovalbumin not included in the donorconstruct, represented by SEQ ID NO: 17. As shown in FIG. 5A, whenpx330-Neo^(r)-OVATg1 and the donor construct were transfected and genomederived from the drug selected primordial germ cells (knock-in PGCs) wasused as a template, an amplification product was detected at a positionof about 2.9 k that was expected when the donor construct was inserted.In contrast, when genome derived from the control primordial germ cellsnot subjected to gene transfection (control PGCs) was used as atemplate, such an amplification product was not detected.

Similarly, a 3′ region was examined by the genome PCR using a primerrecognizing the exogenous gene on the donor construct and a primerrecognizing a 3′ region of ovalbumin not included in the donorconstruct. The PCR was conducted using a sense primer recognizing thedrug-resistant gene unit, represented by SEQ ID NO: 18, and an antisenseprimer recognizing a region of an about 3.4 kb 3′ side of thetranslation starting site of ovalbumin, represented by SEQ ID NO: 19.Another round of PCR (nested PCR) was conducted with an amplificationproduct using a sense primer recognizing the drug-resistant gene unit,represented by SEQ ID NO: 20, and a sense primer recognizing an about3.2 kb 3′ side of the translation starting site of ovalbumin notincluded in the donor construct, represented by SEQ ID NO: 21. As shownin FIG. 5A, when px330-Neo^(r)-OVATg1 and the donor construct weretransfected and genome derived from the drug selected primordial germcells (knock-in PGCs) was used as a template, an amplification productwas detected at a position of about 3.4 k that was expected when thedonor construct was inserted. In contrast, when genome derived from thecontrol primordial germ cells not subjected to gene transfection(control PGCs) was used as a template, such an amplification product wasnot detected. These results suggest that the drug selected cell groupincludes a cell in which the donor construct including the exogenousgene portion is knocked-in at the ovalbumin gene locus.

The primordial germ cells containing the cell in which the IFNβ donorconstruct was knocked-in were transplanted into recipient embryos by thesame method as described in Production example 1-3 and the embryos wereincubated to obtain 4 chimeric male chickens (#411 to #414). After semenwas collected from each chicken to isolate genomic DNA, PCR wasconducted using primers represented by SEQ ID NO: 18 and SEQ ID NO: 19(for amplifying a 3′ side of interferon knocked-in at the ovalbumingene), primers represented by SEQ ID NO: 15 and SEQ ID NO: 14 (foramplifying a 5′ side of interferon knocked-in at the ovalbumin gene),and primers represented by SEQ ID NO: 15 and SEQ ID NO: 22 (foramplifying ovalbumin without a knock-in event) (FIG. 5B). The chimericchickens #411 and #412 show signals that clearly prove the interferonknock-in at the ovalbumin gene locus at both the 3′ side and 5′ side. Inparticular, signal intensities of #411 are comparable to that of thetransplanted parental cell line, suggesting that the sperms contain theinterferon knock-in cells to the same extent as the parental cell line.

The chimeric chickens #411 and #412 were mated with wild-type femalechickens (Barred Plymouth Rock) to obtain 28 and 19 offsprings,respectively. After wing shafts were collected from the offsprings toisolate their genomic DNA, PCR was conducted as described above usingprimers represented by SEQ ID NO: 18 and SEQ ID NO: 19 (for amplifyingthe 3′ side of interferon knocked-in at the ovalbumin gene), primersrepresented by SEQ ID NO: 15 and SEQ ID NO: 14 (for amplifying the 5′side of interferon knocked-in at the ovalbumin gene), and primersrepresented by SEQ ID NO: 15 and SEQ ID NO: 22 (for amplifying ovalbuminwithout a knock-in event). Further, the same PCR was conducted withgenome derived from a wild-type wing shaft (a negative control (NC)) andgenome derived from the transplanted interferon donor vector knock-inprimordial germ cells (a positive control (PC)). Eight out of 28offsprings derived from #411 and 5 out of 19 offsprings derived from#412 showed signals that clearly proved the interferon knock-in at theovalbumin gene locus at both the 3′ side and 5′ side, as were seen inthe positive control. FIG. 5C shows an image of electrophoresis of PCRproducts from the offspring (female) derived from #411 and the offspring(female) derived from #412. These results indicate that the interferondonor vector is knocked-in at the ovalbumin gene locus in these femalechicken offsprings.

Production Example 2-2 Improvement of Knock-In Efficiency

Studies were conducted to improve a gene knock-in efficiency. First, thedrug resistance unit of the interferon β donor construct in the aboveproduction example 2-1 was changed from PGK-Puro^(r) to SV40Pe-Neo^(r)(SEQ ID NO: 23) to create an IFNβ-Neo donor construct <SEQ ID NO: 33>.This donor construct contains an about 2.8 kb 5′ side of the translationstarting site of ovalbumin, the human interferon β gene, the drugresistant gene unit (SV40Pe-Neo^(r)), and an about 3.0 kb 3′ side of thetranslation starting site of ovalbumin. This donor construct wasinserted in the plasmid pBlue ScriptII (SK+) to create a pBS-IFNβ-Neodonor. Further, as shown in FIG. 6A, a CRISPR plasmid for targeting thetarget sequence OVATg2 (SEQ ID NO: 24) of ovalbumin partiallyoverlapping with OVATg1 was constructed. Oligo DNAs represented by SEQID NO: 25 and SEQ ID NO: 26 were synthesized and, as described inproduction example 1-1, they were phosphorylated, annealed, andinserted, as a DNA fragment, into the BbsI cleavage site of px330 toconstruct a plasmid, px330-Puro^(r)-OVATg2, which also has thepuromycin-resistant unit represented by SEQ ID NO: 4 inserted into aNotI site. After about 5×10⁵ primordial germ line cells were preparedand divided into 3 groups, as described in production example 2-1, thecells were simultaneously transfected with 0.8 μg ofpx330-Neo^(r)-OVATg1 and 0.8 μg of the pBS-IFN donor (including thepuromycin-resistant gene unit) (transfection group 1), or 0.8 μg ofpx330-Puro^(r)-OVATg1 and 0.8 μg of the pBS-IFNβ-Neo donor (transfectiongroup 2), or 0.8 μg of px330-Puro^(r)-OVATg2 and 0.8 μg of thepBS-IFNβ-Neo donor (transfection group 3) using Lipofectamine 2000. Thetransfected group 1 was added with puromycin at a final concentration of1 μg/ml on the third day after gene transfection as was the case inproduction example 2-1. On the other hand, the transfection group 2 andtransfection group 3 were cultured in the presence of puromycin at afinal concentration of 1 μg/ml from day 2 to day 4 after genetransfection as was the case in production example 1-2. After rinsed,the cells were added with neomycin at a final concentration of 0.5 mg/mland cultured. The number of cells was counted in each transfection groupon day 24 after gene transfection. As a result, the transfection group 1had 2×10⁴ drug-resistant cells while the transfection groups 2 and 3 had1×10⁵ drug-resistant cells. Further, the cells in each transfectiongroup were recovered to prepare their genomic DNA. Then, as described inproduction example 2-1, PCR was conducted using primers represented bySEQ ID NO: 18 and SEQ ID NO: 19 (for amplifying a 3′ side of interferonknocked-in at the ovalbumin gene), primers represented by SEQ ID NO: 15and SEQ ID NO: 14 (for amplifying a 3′ side of interferon knocked-in atthe ovalbumin gene), and primers represented by SEQ ID NO: 15 and SEQ IDNO: 22 (for amplifying ovalbumin without a knock-in event). Note that aprimer represented by SEQ ID NO: 71 was used instead of the primerrepresented by SEQ ID NO: 18 in the transfection groups 2 and 3 (FIG.6B). There is no considerable difference between the transfection groups1 and 2 in terms of a PCR signal intensity ratio, suggesting thatpreparation of desired cells can be quicker in the method of thetransfection group 2, in which the cells are briefly selected bypuromycin and then selected by neomycin. Further, as compared to thetransfection group 2, the transfection group 3 rarely contains ovalbuminnot having a knock-in event, suggesting a better knock-in efficiency inthe transfection group 3. These results suggest that the exogenous genecan be quickly and highly efficiently knocked-in at the ovalbumin genelocus by transfecting the primordial germ cells with the CRISPRconstruct targeting the OVATg2 sequence, inserting thepuromycin-resistant gene and the neomycin-resistant gene into the CRISPRconstruct and the donor construct, respectively, and temporarilyselecting with puromycin, and then selecting with neomycin.

Production Example 3 Human Antibody Gene Knock-In at Ovalbumin GeneLocus

Human interferon β in the interferon β donor construct in the aboveproduction example 2-1 was replaced with a human immunoglobulin generepresented by SEQ ID NO: 27 to create a donor construct (animmunoglobulin donor construct). In this donor construct, genes encodingan albumen lysozyme signal peptide, a human immunoglobulin heavy chain,a cleavage target sequence of furin protein, a 2A self-processingpeptide, an albumen lysozyme signal peptide, and a human immunoglobulinlight chain gene are arranged in tandem at a downstream of an about 2.8kb 5′ side of the translation starting site of ovalbumin, which arefollowed by the drug-resistant gene unit (PGK-Puro^(r)) and an about 3.0kb 3′ side of the translation starting site of ovalbumin. This donorconstruct is transcribed and translated to express an antibody proteincomposed of immunoglobulin heavy chains and light chains.

The immunoglobulin donor construct was inserted into the plasmid pBlueScriptII (SK+) to create a pBS-immunoglobulin donor (a pBS-IgG(Hc+Lc)donor). After the donor construct was knocked-in into the male chickenprimordial germ cells by the same method used for the pBS-IFNβ donordescribed above, the primordial germ cells were selected by puromycinand PCR was performed using genome of the selected cells as a template.The PCR in a 5′ side was conducted using a primer represented by SEQ IDNO: 15 and an antisense primer recognizing the albumen lysozyme signalpeptide, represented by SEQ ID NO: 28. Another round of PCR (nested PCR)was conducted with an amplification product using a primer representedby SEQ ID NO: 17 and an antisense primer recognizing the albumenlysozyme signal peptide, represented by SEQ ID NO: 29. The PCR in a 3′side was conducted in the same manner as for the knock-in of the EGFPdonor and pBS-IFNβ donor described above. That is, the PCR was conductedusing the primers represented by SEQ ID NO: 18 and SEQ ID NO: 19 andnested PCR was conducted with an amplification product using the primersrepresented by SEQ ID NO: 20 and SEQ ID NO: 21. As shown in FIG. 7,knock-in at the ovalbumin gene in the primordial germ cells was alsoobserved using the immunoglobulin donor.

Further, similarly to production example 2-2, the drug resistance unitof the immunoglobulin donor construct was changed from PGK-Puro^(r) toSV40Pe-Neo^(r) (SEQ ID NO: 23) to create an immunoglobulin-Neo donorconstruct (SEQ ID NO: 30). In this donor construct, genes encoding analbumen lysozyme signal peptide, a human immunoglobulin heavy chain, acleavage target sequence of furin protein, a 2A self-processing peptide,an albumen lysozyme signal peptide, and a human immunoglobulin lightchain gene are arranged in tandem at a downstream of an about 2.8 kb 5′side of the translation starting site of ovalbumin, which are followedby the drug-resistant gene unit (SV40Pe-Neo^(r)) and an about 3.0 kb 3′side of the translation starting site of ovalbumin. This donor constructwas inserted into the plasmid pBlue ScriptII (SK+) to create apBS-immunoglobulin-Neo donor. With the same method used in productionexample 1-2, about 2×10⁵ primordial germ line cells were transfectedwith 0.8 μg of px330-Puro^(r)-OVATg2 and 0.8 μg of thepBS-immunoglobulin-Neo donor using 3 μl of Lipofectamine 2000. The cellswere cultured in the presence of puromycin at a final concentration of 1μg/ml from day 2 to day 4 after gene transfection. After rinsed, thecells were added with neomycin at a final concentration of 0.5 mg/ml andcultured. A cell group containing immunoglobulin knock-in cells wasobtained after about 3 weeks of culturing. Using the same method asdescribed in production example 1-3, the cell group was transplantedinto a recipient embryo and the embryo was incubated to establish animmunoglobulin knock-in germline chimeric chicken. A chicken in whichthe human immunoglobulin gene is knocked-in at the ovalbumin gene locusis obtained in the following generation and such a chicken expresses anantibody protein composed of the human immunoglobulin heavy chains andlight chains in the albumen.

Production Example 4

Human Collagen Gene Knock-In at Ovalbumin Gene Locus

Human interferon β in the interferon β donor construct in the aboveproduction example 2-1 was replaced with a human type I collagen generepresented by SEQ ID NO: 31 to create a donor construct (a collagendonor construct). In this donor construct, genes encoding an albumenlysozyme signal peptide, a human type I collagen α1 chain (COLLAGEN1A1),a cleavage target sequence of a furin protein, a 2A self-processingpeptide, an albumen lysozyme signal peptide, and a human type I collagenα2 chain (COLLAGEN1A2) gene are arranged in tandem at a downstream of anabout 2.8 kb 5′ side of the translation starting site of ovalbumin,which are followed by the drug-resistant gene unit (PGK-Puro^(r)) and anabout 3.0 kb 3′ side of the translation starting site of ovalbumin. Thisdonor construct is transcribed and translated to express a type Icollagen protein composed of the human type I collagen α1 chains and α2chain.

The collagen donor construct was inserted into the plasmid pBlueScriptII (SK+) to create a pBS-COL1(A1+A2) donor. The pBS-COL1(A1+A2)donor was knocked-in into the male chicken primordial germ cells by thesame method used for the ppBS-IFNβ donor and pBS-IgG(Hc+Lc) donordescribed above. After knock-in, the primordial germ cells were selectedby puromycin and PCR was conducted using genome of the selected cells asa template. The PCR in a 5′ side was conducted in the same manner as forthe pBS-IgG(Hc+Lc) donor. That is, the PCR was conducted using theprimer represented by SEQ ID NO: 15 and the antisense primer recognizingthe albumen lysozyme signal peptide, represented by SEQ ID NO: 28. Then,another round of PCR (nested PCR) was conducted with an amplificationproduct using the primer represented by SEQ ID NO: 17 and the antisenseprimer recognizing the albumen lysozyme signal peptide, represented bySEQ ID NO: 29. The PCR in a 3′ side was conducted in the same manner asfor the knock-in of the pBS-IFNβ donor and pBS-IgG(Hc+Lc) donordescribed above. That is, the PCR was conducted using the primersrepresented by SEQ ID NO: 18 and SEQ ID NO: 19 and then nested PCR wasconducted with an amplification product using the primers represented bySEQ ID NO: 20 and SEQ ID NO: 21. As shown in FIG. 8, knock-in at theovalbumin gene in the primordial germ cells was also observed using thecollagen donor.

Further, similarly to production example 2-2, the drug resistance unitof the collagen donor construct was changed from PGK-Puro^(r) toSV40Pe-Neo^(r) (SEQ ID NO: 23) to create a collagen-Neo donor construct(SEQ ID NO: 32). In this donor construct, genes encoding an albumenlysozyme signal peptide, the human type I collagen α1 chain(COLLAGEN1A1), the cleavage target sequence of furin protein, the 2Aself-processing peptide, the albumen lysozyme signal peptide, and thehuman type I collagen α2 chain (COLLAGEN1A2) gene are arranged in tandemat a downstream of an about 2.8 kb 5′ side of the translation startingsite of ovalbumin, which are followed by the drug-resistant gene unit(SV40Pe-Neo^(r)) and an about 3.0 kb 3′ side of the translation startingsite of ovalbumin. This donor construct was inserted into the plasmidpBlue ScriptII (SK+) to create a pBS-collagen-Neo donor. Using the samemethod as described in production example 1-2, about 2×10⁵ primordialgerm line cells were transfected with 0.8 μg of px330-Puro^(r)-OVATg2and 0.8 μg of the pBS-collagen-Neo donor using 3 μl of Lipofectamine2000. The cells were cultured in the presence of puromycin at a finalconcentration of 1 μg/ml from day 2 to day 4 after gene transfection.After rinsed, the cells were added with neomycin at a finalconcentration of 0.5 mg/ml and cultured. A cell group containingcollagen knock-in cells was obtained after about 3 weeks of culturing.Using the same method as described in production example 1-3, the cellgroup was transplanted into a recipient embryo and the embryo wasincubated to establish an immunoglobulin knock-in germline chimericchicken. A chicken in which the human immunoglobulin gene is knocked-inat the ovalbumin gene locus is obtained in the following generation andsuch a chicken expresses a protein complex composed of the human type Icollagen α1 and α2 in the albumen.

Example 1

As described in above production example 2-1, the female and malechickens in which the human interferon β donor vector was knocked-in atthe translation starting site of the ovalbumin gene locus wereestablished.

(1) Characteristics of Knock-In Chicken and Knock-In Egg

The established knock-in chickens reached sexual maturity withoutshowing a developmental abnormality or significant disease condition.The female knock-in chicken laid eggs. A content of the egg was examinedby opening an eggshell. As a result, a cloudy thick albumen was foundaround an egg yolk. On the other hand, similar to a wild-type egg, athin albumen having a low viscosity was observed. A typical image ofopened egg is shown in FIG. 9.

(2) Identification of Interferon and Possible Enrichment in ThickAlbumen

Next, the presence of human interferon β in the albumen was examined.The thick albumen and the thin albumen were recovered by a dropper andadded with an equal volume of a sample buffer (0.125M Tris pH6.8, 10%2-ME, 4% SDS, 10% glycerol, 0.1% BPB). These samples were seriallydiluted 10 folds 3 times, separated by electrophoresis using a 5-20%acrylamide gel, and transferred to a PVDF membrane. After the membranewas blocked from a non-specific binding of an antibody molecule by skimmilk, the membrane was subjected to western blotting using an anti-humaninterferon β antibody (abcam ab85803, a rabbit polyclonal antibody)diluted 1,000 times as a primary antibody and an anti-rabbit HRPconjugated antibody (GE Healthcare NA934V) diluted 1,000 times as asecondary antibody. A result is shown in FIG. 10.

The antibodies detected bands of about 30 kDa at the same position asthat of purified recombinant human interferon β (WAKO rhIFN-β). Further,this band was not detected in a wild-type egg at all. In FIG. 10,numbers of 1, 1/10, and 1/100 in each lane indicate relative amounts ofsamples subjected to electrophoresis and the lanes having the samenumber include the same amount of albumen liquid. Interestingly, only asmall amount of interferon was identified in the thin albumen.

These results suggest the possibility that a relatively large amount ofrecombinant proteins expressed by gene knock-in are accumulated in thethick albumen.

(3) Large Amount of Interferon Proteins Detected in Thick Albumen(Estimated to be about 5 mg/ml)

Next, the thin albumen and thick albumen were collected from a wild-typeegg (NC: negative control) and eggs (KI egg 1 and 2) derived from 2human interferon β knock-in chickens. After each sample was dilutedtwice, an equal amount of sample was subjected to electrophoresis usinga 5-20% acrylamide gel to visualize proteins contained in the albumen byCoomassie Brilliant Blue staining (CBB Stain One, Nacalai). A result isshown in FIG. 11. Similar to the previous western blotting result, clearbands are detected at a position of about 30 kDa in 2 knock-in eggs butnot in the wild-type egg, indicating that these bands are humaninterferon β. Further, similar to the western blotting result, thesehuman interferon β bands are hardly detected in the thin albumensubjected to electrophoresis. A comparison of CBB stained band signalsrevealed that amounts of human interferon β were significantly differentbetween the thin albumen and the thick albumen although amounts of otheralbumen components such as ovotransferrin and ovalbumin were almost thesame, demonstrating that human interferon β expressed by knock-in at theovalbumin gene locus was dominantly accumulated in the thick albumen.

Further, a concentration of human interferon in the albumen can beestimated by analyzing the CBB staining image. An intensity of bluecolor caused by CBB staining is substantially proportional to an amountof proteins. A signal concentration of human interferon β having arelative amount of 1 is compared to that of ovalbumin having a relativeamount of 1/10 through a quantification analysis of NIH image to obtaina ratio between them of 1.01:1. A concentration of ovalbumin thataccounts for nearly half of albumen proteins is about 50 mg/ml, thus aconcentration of human interferon β is estimated to be about 5 mg/ml.

The present method achieves the expression of the exogenous gene at avery high concentration of 5 mg/ml. Further, the exogenous gene isinserted in an identical location, thus variation in an expression levelis small between individuals and in the same individual. Further, thepresent method uses a technique to perform knock-in at a translationstarting site of a gene that is actually expressing in a chickenindividual, thus gene expression is not reduced by an effect of genesilencing or the like in a G2 generation or later. FIG. 12 comparesamounts of interferon in the albumen of eggs that have been collected 3times (day1, day4 and day7) over a week. The amounts of interferon in 3eggs are compared through a quantification analysis of NIH image toobtain a ratio between them of 1:0.92:0.96, thus there is almost novariation in the concentration of interferon in the thick albumen.Further, these knock-in eggs were kept at 18° C. after collection andcracked open at the same time. This shows that the exogenous proteininterferon can stably exist in the albumen over a week withoutundergoing significant degradation or the like.

(4) Expression of Interferon in Eggs Derived from Different Individuals(Consistency of Interferon Expression)

Eggs were obtained from 4 interferon knock-in females 3 months afterthey laid the first eggs and then cracked open (FIG. 23). Every egg hadcloudy thick albumen. Further, eggs were obtained from 5 chickens (#584,#766, #714, #645, and #640) and the thick albumen of each egg wassubjected to electrophoresis and CBB staining in the same manner asdescribed in above (3). Interferon bands were detected in all eggs (FIG.17). The concentrations of interferon of #584, #766, #714, #645, and#640 are compared through a quantification analysis of NIH image toobtain a ratio between them of 1.0:1.0:0.94:0.91:0.89. In this ratio, adifference between the maximum concentration and minimum concentrationis within 11%, demonstrating a very stable expression as compared to avariation in secretion concentrations observed between individuals (5μg/ml to 100 μg/ml) in Non-Patent Literature 1. Having little individualdifference is advantageous for obtaining a large amount of recombinantproteins using a plurality of recombinant chickens.

Example 2

(1) Attempt of Efficiently Extracting Interferon from Thick Albumen(Applicable Solubilization Treatment)

It is found that interferon β is in the thick albumen at a highconcentration. This interferon β is preferably extracted and purifiedfrom the albumen for a general use. A purification technique includesvarious column treatments on the basis of molecular weight and chemicalproperties, however proteins are preferably solubilized in an aqueoussolution before being subjected to the column treatment. An aqueoussolution and an insoluble matter can be separated by a centrifugaloperation. Thus, studies were conducted to examine whether interferon βin the thick albumen was collected in an aqueous solution or included inan insoluble matter.

The thick albumen in an amount of 200 μl was collected and subjected tocentrifugation at 20,000×g for 15 minutes to separate a whiteprecipitate fraction from a liquid fraction (a tube 1 in FIG. 13).Electrophoresis using an acrylamide gel shows that the liquid fractioncontains human interferon β (lane 1 in FIG. 14), however an amount ofhuman interferon β is clearly less than that included in an equivalentamount of the thick albumen before separation (lane 0 in FIG. 14). Thus,it was speculated that a majority of interferon β was included in thewhite precipitate caused by centrifugation. In order to solve this,several attempts have been made to reduce the white precipitate andincrease a yield of interferon. In FIG. 13, a thick albumen liquid in anamount of 200 μl was added in each tube and subjected to the followingtreatments. The thick albumen liquid is added and mixed by inversionwith a 4 times volume (800 μl) of a 3M saturated arginine solution (tube2), added with a 4 times volume (800 μl) of the 3M saturated argininesolution and subjected to ultrasonic crushing (tube 3), added and mixedby inversion with a small amount of arginine (20 mg) and filled up withPBS to 1 ml (tube 4), added and mixed by inversion with a small amountof arginine hydrochloride (20 mg) and filled up with PBS to 1 ml (tube5), filled up with PBS to 1 ml and subjected to the ultrasonic crushing(tube 6), added and mixed by inversion with arginine hydrochloride in asaturating amount or more (200 mg) (tube 7), added with a twice volume(400 μl) of the 3M saturated arginine solution and subjected to theultrasonic crushing (tube 8), added with a small amount of argininehydrochloride (20 mg) and subjected to the ultrasonic crushing (tube 9),or added with a small amount of sodium chloride (40 mg) and subjected tothe ultrasonic crushing (tube 10). Although the white precipitates werestill observed after centrifugation at 20,000×g for 15 minutes, theamounts of the white precipitates were reduced by all of thesetreatments as compared to that without a treatment (tube 1). Inparticular, the amounts of the white precipitates were markedly reducedin the tubes 3, 6, 8, and 9, which were subjected to the ultrasoniccrushing.

After supernatants were recovered, samples were prepared by adjustingtheir loading amounts to be equal on the basis of the original amountsof the thick albumen and subjected to electrophoresis using anacrylamide gel (FIG. 14). The lane number in FIG. 14 corresponds to thetube number in FIG. 13 except lane 0, in which the thick albumen in anequivalent amount was applied to electrophoresis without separation.Although there were some differences between lanes, lane 2 to lane 10contained more interferon β than lane 1 of the non-treatment sample. Inparticular, the sample prepared by adding a 4 times volume of the 3Msaturated arginine solution and performing the ultrasonic crushing (tube3) contained a significant amount of interferon β. These results showthat an amount of interferon β extracted in an aqueous solution from thethick albumen increases by a physical treatment such as the ultrasoniccrushing and a chemical treatment such as adding arginine or an argininebuffer (more restrictively, a solubilization treatment of insolubleprotein). The sample in tube 3 prepared by adding a 4 times volume ofthe 3M saturated arginine solution and performing the ultrasoniccrushing was subjected to centrifugation at 20 k×g for 15 minutes torecover a supernatant. The supernatant was subjected to dialysis in PBSfor 24 hours (hereinafter referred to as a thick albumen roughpurification product). The thick albumen rough purification product istransparent without any precipitates, suggesting that some of the whiteprecipitates were solubilized and transferred to the supernatant by aseries of treatments.

(2) Activity of Interferon Produced in Chicken Egg.

Activity of interferon in the thin albumen, thick albumen, and thickalbumen rough purification product was examined by a bioassay. HEK-blueIFN-α/β (Invivogen) is a cultured cell that secretes alkalinephosphatase by human interferon β added in a medium. Activity of humaninterferon β can be detected by adding a medium after reaction to analkaline phosphatase substrate solution (Quanti-Blue; Invivogen) andexamining a change in the substrate solution (a color change from red toblue for Quanti-Blue). The thin albumen, the thick albumen (thesupernatant after centrifugation at 20 k×g for 15 minutes), and thethick albumen rough purification product (derived from tube 3) derivedfrom the human interferon knock-in eggs were added to the culture mediaof HEK-blue IFN-α/β. Further, the thin albumen derived form a wild-typechicken egg and PBS were added to the media as a negative control andrecombinant human interferon was added to the media as a positivecontrol. The cells were cultured for 20 hours and supernatants of theculture media were added to the Quanti-Blue substrate solution toperform reactions at 37° C. for 1 hour. A result is shown in FIG. 15.

The human interferon β activity is detected in any of the thin albumen,the thick albumen centrifugation supernatant, and the thick albumenrough purification product derived from the interferon knock-in (IFN-KI)eggs, demonstrating that an unpurified knock-in egg product exhibits theinterferon activity and such an activity remains after thesolubilization treatment by the ultrasonic crushing or the argininebuffer. Thus, interferon derived from the chicken egg can be used as itis in the egg without a processing, after a simple processing such as acentrifugation fractionation, or after a processing such assolubilization and purification.

(3) Activity Quantification of Interferon Produced in Chicken Egg

Activity of interferon in the thick albumen was measured by a bioassay.As described in (2), the thick albumen (a supernatant obtained by theultrasonic crushing followed by centrifugation at 20,000×g for 15minutes) derived from a human interferon knock-in egg (collected 3months after the first egg) was serially diluted 5 folds and 10 μl ofeach dilution was added to the HEK-blue IFN-α/β culture medium. As acomparison, commercially available recombinant human interferon β (WakoPure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) in a concentration of 10 μ/ml wasserially diluted 5 folds in the same manner and 10 μl of each dilutionwas added to the culture medium. The cells were cultured for 20 hoursand supernatants of the culture media were added to the Quanti-Bluesubstrate solution to perform reactions at 37° C. for 1 hour. A resultis shown in FIG. 18. In an upper series of reactions using supernatantsof the culture media to which commercially available human interferonwas added, a fourth well from the left has a color in which red and blueis mixed, whereas, in a lower series of reactions using supernatants ofthe media to which the thick albumen was added, an eighth well from theleft has a color in which red and blue is mixed (in both dilutionseries, concentration decreases from left to right). Thus, theinterferon activity in the thick albumen is 625 or more times higherthan that of the 10 μ/ml commercially available interferon and aconcentration of interferon in the thick albumen is estimated to be 6.25mg/ml or more. About 16 ml of the thick albumen was recovered at thispoint, meaning that human interferon having activity equivalent to about100 mg of the commercially available interferon could be obtained fromone egg. As for price, 20 μg of the recombinant human interferon βavailable from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. costs 39,000 JapaneseYen, thus 100 mg of interferon is worthy of 195,000,000 Japanese Yen(about 200 million Japanese Yen). Using the present method allows theproduction of a very large amount of human recombinant proteins in termsof activity.

(4) Analysis of Egg of Knock-In Chicken in G2 Generation

A G1 knock-in chicken (male) was mated with a wild-type female toestablish G2 knock-in chickens (male and female). The G2 knock-inchickens were raised to sexual maturity to obtain eggs and the eggs werecracked open (right in FIG. 19). All obtained eggs had cloudy thickalbumen as was the case for the egg derived from G1. Further, eggs wereobtained from 3 G2 knock-in chickens and their thick albumen wassubjected to electrophoresis. The thick albumen of the G1 derived eggwas also subjected to electrophoresis for comparison. In a CBB stainingimage, interferon signals were detected in the G2 derived eggs as in theG1 derived egg. These results showed that the exogenous gene knocked-inat the oviduct gene could be stably expressed in the chicken egg overgenerations. This observation can guarantee a large-scale and long-termstable operation of the production of recombinant proteins using aknock-in chicken.

Example 3

An egg was obtained from the chicken in which the human antibody genewas knocked-in at the human ovalbumin gene locus in a manner asdescribed in production example 3. The presence of a human antibodyprotein in the albumen was examined. The albumen was added with an equalvolume of a sample buffer (0.125M Tris pH6.8, 4% SDS, 10% glycerol, 0.1%BPB, note that 2-ME is not included). These samples were seriallydiluted 10 folds 3 times, separated by electrophoresis using a 5-20%acrylamide gel, and transferred to a PVDF membrane. After the membranewas blocked from a non-specific binding of an antibody molecule by skimmilk, the membrane was subjected to western blotting using an anti-humanimmunoglobulin antibody (Jackson Immuno Research, Anti-Human IgG F(ab))diluted 1,000 times as a primary antibody and an anti-rabbit HRPconjugated antibody (Jackson Immuno Research, Peroxidase-conjugatedAffiniPure Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L)) diluted 1,000 times as asecondary antibody. A result is shown in FIG. 20.

The antibodies detected bands of about 200 kDa at the same position asthat of a purified recombinant human antibody (trade name: Herceptin,Roche Ltd.) (right in FIG. 20). Further, this band was not detected in awild-type egg at all (left in FIG. 20). These results suggest that ahuman antibody complex maintains a normal subunit structure in thechicken egg. In FIG. 20, numbers of 1/20, 1/200, and 1/2 k (=1/2000) ineach lane indicate relative amounts of the samples subjected toelectrophoresis when the undiluted albumen is taken as 1. Aconcentration of the antibody complex is estimated to be 1 mg/ml or moreby comparison with a loaded amount of Herceptin of a known concentration(right in FIG. 20).

Example 4 (1) Ovomucoid Homozygous Gene Knock-Out Chicken

Ovomucoid is an albumen protein, however an expression dynamic ofovomucoid in an early developmental process or a function of ovomucoidin development has not been studied. An effect of loss of function ofovomucoid is completely unknown. As shown in production example 1-3, theinventors created the heterozygous ovomucoid knock-out chickens (maleand female) using the genome editing technique. Further, the inventorsestablished the chicken having a complete deletion of ovomucoid (thehomozygous ovomucoid knock-out chicken) by mating the heterozygouschickens. As shown in FIG. 16, the male and female heterozygousknock-out chickens having the same 5-base deletion in an exon 3 encodingthe ovomucoid protein were mated with each other after sexual maturityto obtain offsprings. As shown in FIG. 16, the offsprings included ahomozygous knock-out chicken in addition to a wild-type and heterozygousknock-out chickens. Further, both male and female ovomucoid homozygousknock-out chickens were obtained and they have been growing healthilylike a wild-type chicken without any morphological abnormalities. Theseresults showed, for the first time, that loss of function of ovomucoiddid not cause any effect on an initial development such as lethality ormorphological abnormalities.

(2) Usefulness of Ovomucoid Knock-Out Chicken Egg

The homozygous ovomucoid knock-out chicken does not secrete ovomucoidand thus produces an egg having no ovomucoid. Ovomucoid is a very strongallergen substance and it is known that allergenicity of ovomucoid isnot lost by heating or enzymatic degradation. Needless to say, anovomucoid deficient egg does not exhibit strong allergenicity caused byovomucoid, thus it is clearly understood that the ovomucoid deficientegg is useful, as a low allergenic egg, for significantly reducingallergenicity in all products that use an egg, such as a raw food, aprocessed food, a vaccine produced in an egg, and a cosmetic rawmaterial.

(3) Characteristics of Ovomucoid Knock-Out Chicken Egg

The homozygous knock-out female can produce an egg as it produced an eggalmost every day at least for 6 months in a manner similar to that of awild type. An image of a cracked open egg is shown in a left panel ofFIG. 21. The knock-out egg is not visually different from a wild-typeegg. Further, the knock-out egg is not markedly different from a normalchicken egg in processability as, for example, it is coagulated byheating (right in FIG. 21).

Further, a chicken individual can be produced by mating the homozygousknock-out chickens with each other. An egg, which was obtained by mating5 bp-deletion homozygous male and female individuals with each other,was incubated to obtain an ovomucoid 5 bp-deletion homozygous individualin the G3 generation (FIG. 23). This result shows that a chicken candevelop without the ovomucoid gene or the ovomucoid protein, that is,ovomucoid is not essential for the development of chicken.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

Further Improvement in Expression Level of Knock-In Gene

Interferon β obtained in the present example had a very highconcentration of 5 mg/ml, however a concentration of a recombinantprotein in an egg can be further increased.

1. Homozygousing Knock-In Gene

The analyzed chicken egg was produced from the parental chickens havinga genotype in which human interferon β was inserted into one allele ofthe ovalbumin gene locus (heterozygous gene knock-in). It is possible toobtain an individual that expresses a recombinant protein at a higherconcentration by mating heterozygous gene knock-in parents with eachother or mating germ line chimeric individuals having knock-inprimordial germ cells with each other to create an individual in whichhuman interferon β is inserted into both alleles (homozygous geneknock-in).

2. Improving Signal Peptide and Codon Usage

In the present example, human interferon β cDNA was knocked-in at thetranslation starting site of the ovalbumin gene. In this case, a signalpeptide in use was from human interferon β, and it was not optimized fora chicken oviduct cell. Examples of the signal peptide that allowssecretion in the chicken oviduct at a high efficiency include a signalpeptide of a protein that is actually secreted from the oviduct.Specific examples of such a signal peptide include “MRSLLILVLCFLPLAALG”of albumen lysozyme and “MKLILCTVLSLGIAAVCFA” of ovotransferrin.Further, the present invention is not limited thereto and an artificialor natural signal peptide that allows protein secretion in a chickencell at a high efficiency may be used. Knock-in of a desired proteinhaving these signal peptides at its N terminus at the ovalbumin genelocus allows the production of the desired protein at a higherconcentration. Further, protein production can be improved by optimizinga base sequence of cDNA to be knocked-in in accordance with a codonusage used in a chicken.

3. Increasing Copy Number of Inserted Gene

In the present example, only one gene was knocked-in, however aplurality of genes can be knocked-in in a tandem form that allowstranscription and translation to simultaneously express the plurality ofgenes, thereby increasing their expression levels. The plurality ofgenes may be composed of a single gene or a plurality of kinds of genesand the number of genes may be any number. Specifically, when performinggene knock-in, a plurality of genes may be inserted by interposing asequence such as IRES between them to facilitate transcription andtranslation and increase gene products. Further, a plurality of proteinsmay be arranged by interposing a 2A peptide or the like between them andsimultaneously expressed under control of the ovalbumin promoter. Inthis manner, a larger amount of proteins can be produced by cleaving thepeptides.

As a preferable embodiment, the light chain gene and heavy chain gene ofthe human antibody gene and α1 and α2 of the human type I collagen geneare each tandemly connected via the 2A peptide gene and knocked-in intoa chicken.

4. Usefulness of Knock-Out Chicken Egg

The homozygous ovomucoid knock-out chicken does not secrete ovomucoidand thus produce an egg having no ovomucoid. Ovomucoid is a very strongallergen substance and it is known that allergenicity of ovomucoid isnot lost by heating or enzymatic degradation. Needless to say, anovomucoid deficient egg does not have strong allergenicity caused byovomucoid, thus it is obvious that the ovomucoid deficient egg isuseful, as a low allergenic egg, for significantly reducingallergenicity in all products that use an egg, such as a raw food, aprocessed food, a vaccine produced in an egg, and a cosmetic rawmaterial. Further, an exogenous gene can be expressed in an albuminallergen knock-out chicken egg by breeding or using a genome editedprimordial germ cell, and it is clearly understood that purification ofthe exogenous gene product produced in this manner can simplify anallergen removing process.

A poultry egg in which an oviduct-specific gene other than ovomucoid isknocked-out is useful for significantly reducing allergenicity as is thecase for ovomucoid.

1-22. (canceled)
 23. A genetically modified chicken egg whose genomecomprises a deletion, a substitution, or an insertion of a base or basesin a coding region of an endogenous ovomucoid gene, wherein the chickenegg that does not functionally express endogenous ovomucoid.
 24. Thechicken egg of claim 23, wherein the coding region is exon 3 ofovomucoid gene.
 25. The chicken egg of claim 24, wherein the codingregion is OVMtg2 represented by the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6.26. A genetically modified chicken whose genome comprises a deletion, asubstitution, or an insertion of a base or bases in a coding region ofan endogenous ovomucoid gene, wherein the chicken is capable of layingan egg that does not functionally express endogenous ovomucoid.
 27. Thechicken of claim 26, wherein the coding region is exon 3 of ovomucoidgene.
 28. The chicken egg of claim 27, wherein the coding region isOVMtg2 represented by the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 6. 29. Amethod of producing a genetically modified knock-out chicken egg, themethod comprising: a) deleting, substituting, or inserting a base orbases in a coding region of an endogenous ovomucoid gene of an isolatedchicken primordial germ cell (PGC), wherein: the endogenous ovomucoidgene is inactivated; b) transplanting the PGC obtained in step a) into arecipient chicken embryo; c) producing a genetically modified knock-outmale chicken and a genetically modified knock-out female chicken fromthe chicken embryo in step b); d) mating the genetically modifiedknock-out male chicken and the genetically modified knock-out femalechicken; e) obtaining an offspring knock-out chicken, wherein theoffspring knock-out chicken is capable of laying an egg; and f)obtaining a genetically modified knock-out chicken egg from theknock-out offspring chicken of step e), wherein the chicken egg does notfunctionally express endogenous ovomucoid.
 30. The method of claim 29,wherein the coding region is exon 3 of ovomucoid gene.
 31. The method ofclaim 30, wherein the coding region is OVMtg2 represented by thenucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 6. 32. The method of claim 29, whereinthe base or bases in the coding region of the endogenous ovomucoid genein step a) is deleted, substituted, or inserted using CRISPR and guideRNA.